PUBLICATIONS
THE INDIVIDUAL IS THE MISSING UNIT OF SCIENCE.
FOR DECADES, RESEARCH HAS STUDIED PEOPLE IN AGGREGATE AND APPLIED THE AVERAGE BACK TO THE PERSON. A GROWING BODY OF EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT THIS INFERENCE OFTEN BREAKS DOWN: BRAINS, PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR CARRY DISTINCTIVE INDIVIDUAL SIGNATURES, SOME OF WHICH REMAIN IDENTIFIABLE OVER TIME. THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT NOISE AROUND THE MEAN. IT IS MEASURABLE STRUCTURE.
CONSCIOUSNESS AI IS BUILT ON THAT FOUNDATION. WITHIN[U]’S REGISTERED RESEARCH EXAMINES THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL RETAINS ITS VALUE AS AI INFERENCE ADVANCES, AND WHEN IT BECOMES MORE VALUABLE STILL. THESE QUESTIONS GUIDE OUR RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT: SYSTEMS THAT COMPUTE THE INDIVIDUAL, NOT THE AVERAGE.
SCALE WILL MAKE AI SUPERHUMAN. ONLY THE PERSON CAN MAKE IT PERSONAL.
BELOW ARE OUR OWN REGISTERED STUDIES, FOLLOWED BY THE RESEARCH THAT INFORMS THEM.
PUBLICATIONS
OCTOBER 2026
OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK
WHEN BETTER INFERENCE MAKES MEASURING THE INDIVIDUAL MORE VALUABLE
A SIMULATION STUDY TESTING WHEN PERSON-SPECIFIC MEASUREMENT ADDS VALUE AS AI INFERENCE IMPROVES.
OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK → https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/4GCX3
NOVEMBER 2026
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE
WHEN BETTER INFERENCE MAKES MEASURING THE INDIVIDUAL MORE VALUABLE: DECISION COMPLEMENTARITY, INFORMATION SUBSTITUTION AND THEIR LIMITS IN PERSONAL AI
SUBMITTED TO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE
MARCH 2024
NPJ DIGITAL MEDICINE
DIGITAL TWINS FOR HEALTH: A SCOPING REVIEW
KATSOULAKIS E. ET AL.
MAPS THE RISE OF PATIENT-SPECIFIC DIGITAL TWINS, BUILT ON DEEP, CONTINUOUSLY UPDATED DATA FROM EACH INDIVIDUAL.
VIEW PAPER → https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-024-01073-0
JUNE 2018
PNAS
LACK OF GROUP-TO-INDIVIDUAL GENERALIZABILITY IS A THREAT TO HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH
FISHER A.J., MEDAGLIA J.D. & JERONIMUS B.F.
ACROSS REPEATED-MEASURES STUDIES, PATTERNS TRUE OF THE GROUP FREQUENTLY FAILED TO HOLD FOR THE PEOPLE WITHIN IT.
VIEW PAPER → https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711978115
AUGUST 2017
NEURON
PRECISION FUNCTIONAL MAPPING OF INDIVIDUAL HUMAN BRAINS
GORDON E.M. ET AL.
TEN ADULTS, EACH SCANNED FOR HOURS, REVEALED UNIQUE BRAIN NETWORK FEATURES THAT GROUP AVERAGES ERASE.
VIEW PAPER → https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.011
OCTOBER 2015
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE
FUNCTIONAL CONNECTOME FINGERPRINTING: IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUALS USING PATTERNS OF BRAIN CONNECTIVITY
FINN E.S. ET AL.
BRAIN CONNECTIVITY ACTS AS A FINGERPRINT, IDENTIFYING ONE PERSON FROM A LARGE GROUP AND PREDICTING THEIR FLUID INTELLIGENCE.
VIEW PAPER → https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4135